Comprehensive Guide to Cancer: Types, Symptoms, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment | BIOPEDIAN.COM

Cancer is one of the most dreadful diseases in the world. In 2018, nearly 9.6 million deaths occurred due to cancer. Approximately 70% of deaths from cancer occurring in low and middle-income countries.

•   Nearly 1 in 6 deaths are due to cancer. The most dangerous and common types of cancers are lung cancer and breast cancer.

• Around one-third of deaths from cancer are due to 5 leading behavioral and dietary risks: High body mass index, low fruit and vegetable intake, lack of physical activity, tobacco use, and alcohol use.

• cancer causes infections, such as hepatitis and human papillomavirus(HPV) are responsible for up to 25%of cancer cases in low and middle-income countries.

     CANCER TYPES:

• There are different types of cancers were discovered so far. these are divided based on most commonly occurred to less commonly occurred.     

   Most commonly cancers:

• breast cancer

• lung cancer

• prostate cancer

• colorectal cancer

• skin cancer

Less commonly caused cancers:

• multiple myeloma

• brain cancer

• Ovarian cancer

• Leukemia

• Stomach cancer
  

 MECHANISM OF  ATTACKING OF CANCER IN OUR BODY CELLS:

• Cancer involves uncontrolled cell division and tissue invasiveness (metastasis) caused by a series of mutations in the genes of proteins that regulate the cell cycle  

• Genes causing uncontrollable tumor cells are present in every human genome but activated by several different mutagens. maybe physical, chemical mutagens or inherited risk of cancer

• If a normal cell of our body is transformed into a cancer cell by some mutagens then some proteins called interleukins are released by cancer cells to warn the other normal cells and stimulate the immune responses.

• Cancer tumors are of two types based on the movement of cancer cells

1. benign tumors
2. malignant tumors

• The main difference between them is that benign tumors are static and grow in one place of the body do not spread to other body parts

• but in malignant tumors, they show metastasis(spread of tumor cells from one place to another in our body)

• so we can say that malignant cancer is more dangerous than benign cancer.

• cancer cells lose the property of contact inhibition so that they grow uncontrollably and competes with other cells for nutrients.

• by then, blood vessels and capillaries grow towards them and give more blood with oxygen and nutrients.

• so other cells may die even by lacking oxygen and nutrients

                       

     GENERAL  SYMPTOMS OF CANCER:     

• cough with blood

• blood in urine

• blood mixed through bowel motion (stools)

• a change in bowel habit that lasts for more than six weeks

• unexplained, significant weight loss (5kg/10lbs over a couple of months)

• a lump anywhere on your body

• changes on your skin or to an existing mole (such as itching, bleeding, or a change in shape or color)

• a sore that doesn’t heal

• symptoms that refuse to clear up, examples include cough or hoarseness that lasts for more than three weeks

 if you regularly experience the above symptoms, you must see your doctor and have your symptoms checked out. 

MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER:

• we can roughly divide cancer risk factors into the following groups:

1. biological or internal factors, such as age, gender, inherited genetic defects, and skin type
2. Environmental exposures, for instance to radon and UV radiation and fine particulate matter
3. Occupational risk factors, including carcinogens such as many chemicals, radioactive materials, and asbestos
4. life-style related factors

LIFESTYLE RELATED FACTORS:

• Tobacco

• alcohol

• UV radiation in sunlight

• some food-related factors, such as nitrites and polyaromatic hydrocarbons generated by barbecuing food.

CANCER CAUSING FACTORS RELATED TO WORK AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE:

• Asbestos fibers

• Tar and pitch

• polynuclear hydrocarbons(e.g.Benzopyrene)

• some metal compounds

• some plastic chemicals(e.g.vinyl chloride)

BACTERIA AND VIRUSES CAN CAUSES CANCER:

• Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori, which causes gastritis)

• HBV, HCV(hepatitis viruses that cause hepatitis)

• HPV(human papillomavirus, papillomavirus, which causes changes in e.g.cervical cells)

• EBV(Epstein-Barr virus, the herpes virus that causes inflammation of the throat lymphoid)  

RADIATION CAN CAUSE CANCER:

• Ionizing radiation(e.g.X-ray radiation,soil radon)

• non-ionizing radiation (suns ultraviolet radiation)

SOME DRUGS MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF CANCER:

• Certain neoplastic agents

• certain hormones

• medicines that cause immunodeficiency

In 5-10%of breast cancer, genetic predisposition plays an important role in the emergence of the disease.

TESTS FOR CANCER:

                        Doctors may use a variety of laboratory tests if cancer is suspected.in conducting the laboratory tests for cancer, samples of blood, urine, other body fluids, or any other tissue are examined for abnormal cells or tumor makers that may determine whether a person has a disease or a pre-cancerous condition.

list of tests are:

• Lab tests

• diagnostic tests
• Endoscopy
  
  
  

• endoscopic tests

• tumor biopsies

• Genetic tests

you may also check into this atTEST OF CANCER

TREATMENT OF CANCER:

Treatment of cancer includes different techniques in homeopathy and allopathy but it can cure up to 2nd stage of cancer, in 3rd stage of cancer death is inevitable i.e, escape from death is rare.

SURGERY:    when used to treat cancer, surgery is a procedure in which a tumor is removed from the body

RADIATION THERAPY:  Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment in which high doses of radiation is used to kill the cancer cells and shrink cells

CHEMOTHERAPY: It is a type of cancer treatment used to kill cancer cells using drugs.

IMMUNOTHERAPY TO TREAT CANCER:

It is a type of cancer treatment that your immune system fight the cancer cells

TARGETTED THERAPY:

Targetted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets the change in cancer cells that help them grow, divide and spread

HORMONE THERAPY:

Hormone therapy is used to stop or slow the growth of breast and prostate cancer that use hormones to grow

PRECISION MEDICINE :

If patient is suffering from genetically inherited cancer or if their family history has cancer patients, doctors may prescribe medicines that inhibit the activation of cancerous genes and promote the tumor suppressor genes.

NOTE: You should be noted that cancer is not inherited but predisposition of cancer or increased risk may be inherited.

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